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How to read causal relationships

Every thematicPro map is a web of cause and effect. This is the legend for reading those links: what a relationship is, which way it points, the verb behind the color, and the numbers riding along with it. Read this first and the rest of the map reads itself.

What a causal relationship is

A map is made of nodes (the things in play: a supply, a price, a policy) joined by links. Each link is a claim that one node moves another. A single link carries four pieces of information, and once you can name all four you can read any link on any map:

The four things every link tells you.
PartAnswersWhere to look
Direction badgeWhich way does the cause push the effect?The colored badge on the link.
VerbWhat kind of push is it?The word printed next to the arrow.
ConfidenceHow sure is the map?A number from 0 to 1.
StrengthHow much does it matter?A number from 0 to 100.

The rest of this page walks each one. The whole skill is reading them together in a single breath, which the closing recipe shows you how to do.

1. Direction badges (polarity)

The core relationship badge. It tells you which way the cause pushes the effect. Three values. The same sign wears two different words depending on where you are: the public welcome map and the signed-in graph say it differently, but they mean exactly the same thing.

Same sign, two vocabularies. Welcome map vs signed-in graph.
SignWelcome mapSigned-in graphPlain meaning
+ Reinforcing (+) reinforces Same direction. More cause means more effect. Less means less.
Opposing (-) dampens Opposite direction. More cause means less effect.
? Linked relates Direction unknown. A real link, but the data did not settle which way it pushes.

⚠️ Read "Linked / relates" carefully. It is not "unrelated" and not "proven cause." It means associated, direction unconfirmed. A lead, not a verdict.

2. The verbs behind the sign

Six verbs collapse into the three signs above. The sign tells you the direction; the verb tells you the kind of influence. The verb is printed next to the arrow on the map. Click any description in the last column to see what that verb actually does, with an example from a real map.

How each verb maps to a sign, and the nuance it carries.
VerbSignWhat it really says
increases+
enables+
decreases
prevents
triggerstext
correlates?

3. The supporting badges

Numbers and tags that travel with a relationship or node. The two that matter most are easy to confuse, so keep them apart: confidence is how sure, strength is how much it matters. A link can be very sure and barely matter, or matter enormously on thin evidence.

Numbers and tags that travel with a relationship or node.
BadgeRangeReads as
confidence0 to 1How sure. How much evidence backs the link. Higher = more sources agreed.
strength0 to 100How much it matters. How heavily the link weighs in the map's paths.
Cause → EffecttagDirection marker. Which node is the cause, which is the effect.
Center / Cause / EffectroleThe node's role relative to the one you're looking at.
why it's heretagThe best evidenced path from this node back to the map's center.

Not relationship badges. Build complete and 1-level preview describe the map's status, not a link. Don't read them as part of any relationship.

4. Reading real maps

Three examples from three different thematicPro maps. Each one plays out a small piece of causal flow. Watch the links draw, then read each with the recipe: direction from the color, kind from the verb, certainty from the number. Same four-part reading, very different subjects.

Real estate: a chain of cause and effect

Four nodes lifted straight from the Mark Spain real estate map, each link handing off to the next.

decreases0.37 increases0.27 increases0.78 EconomicUncertainty BuyerDemand ExistingHome Sales TransactionVolume
Four nodes and three links from the Mark Spain real estate map. The number under each verb is the map's confidence in that link.

Read it left to right: more economic uncertainty dampens buyer demand (an Opposing link, orange), more buyer demand reinforces existing home sales, and more existing home sales strongly reinforces transaction volume, a link the map is 0.78 sure about. Two Reinforcing greens, one Opposing orange, three different confidence levels: the whole legend in a single row.

Data centers: same direction, different verbs

From the data centers map. Every link here is Reinforcing (+) and green, yet the verbs are not interchangeable. Watch what the colors hide.

increases0.74 enables0.26 enables0.24 AI ComputeDemand Data CenterPower Demand Data CenterConstruction Data CenterLeasing
Three Reinforcing links from the data centers map. All green, but the verb changes.

All three arrows are green Reinforcing links, so the direction never changes: more cause, more effect. The verbs are the story. First a dial (increases): more AI compute pushes power demand up by degree. Then two gates (enables): power demand makes construction possible, and construction makes leasing possible. Same sign, same color, three readings. The verb is where the nuance lives, which is why it earns its own column.

Sargassum: one cause, three effects

From the sargassum map. Causal flow is not always a line. Here a single node pushes three different effects, each its own way at once.

triggers0.53 decreases0.68 increases0.71 SargassumBeach Influx Hydrogen SulfideEmissions Tourist Arrivals Beach CleanupCost
One driver in the sargassum map fans out to three effects with three different verbs.

Read each spoke on its own. The same sargassum beach influx triggers a hydrogen sulfide event (a one-time spark, green +), dampens tourist arrivals (Opposing, orange), and reinforces beach cleanup cost (green +). One node, three outgoing links, and the color and verb can differ on every one. That is causal flow: follow each arrow out, read its own badge, and never assume the next link points the same way as the last.

Bipolar disorder: a block and a hunch

From the bipolar disorder map. The two links left out so far: a hard prevents and a careful correlates. Notice the second link is drawn dashed, with no arrowhead.

prevents0.21 correlates0.27 Multimodal EEG fNIRSClassification Misdiagnosis Personality Traits Depressive Episode
Two links from the bipolar disorder map. A solid orange block, and a dashed grey association with no direction.

The top link is a block: an EEG/fNIRS test prevents misdiagnosis, an Opposing orange arrow with a clear direction. The bottom link is the careful one. Personality traits correlates with depressive episodes, so it shows as Linked: drawn dashed, capped with dots instead of an arrow, because the map will not commit to which way it points. The number, 0.27, is still confidence: how sure the association is real, not which way it runs. Read it as a lead, never a verdict.

5. The reading recipe

Put the four parts together and a link becomes a single sentence. Say it out loud and you will never misread one again.

Say it out loud. "More [cause] [verb] [effect], which the map is [confidence] sure about."

Example: "More renewable supply dampens wholesale price, which the map is 0.81 sure about." Direction from the badge, kind from the verb, certainty from the confidence number.